Different Types of Business

1. Sole trader – the oldest form of trading there is, it’s also the simplest and the most common type of business you’ll find. The clue is in the name – meaning that you are solely responsible for everything the business does and you’re often known as the proprietor. This is the usual form for small shops and businesses that provide services such as beauticians, hairdressers, photographers, gardeners and so on. When you start out in business, most often you use your own money to fund the venture. However, as you start to grow, you may need to find funding elsewhere. When this happens you may want or need to enter into another kind of business model: 2. Partnership – these are made up of two or more people and any profits, debts and decisions related to the business are a shared responsibility. These are common for practices that offer services such as accountants, dentists, doctors, solicitors and so on. 3. Company – the correct name for this is a joint stock company and it’s made up of a number of people who put their money together to form a ‘joint stock’ of capital. These people are more commonly known as shareholders and, as the name suggests, they each own a share of the business and each expect a share of the profits too. Each shareholder puts money into the company and receives a portion of the company – shares – equivalent to what they put in. Despite each shareholder owning a piece of the company, in law it is seen as a legal entity – the same as an individual – that is entirely separate from the shareholders or members, as they are sometimes known. It can be sued, make a profit or loss, be held responsible for its employees’ actions and go into liquidation – the term used for companies that go bankrupt. Private Limited Companies Most small businesses are private limited companies with the shares only available privately, for example, to family members. The shares are not available to buy publically so they cannot be traded on the stock market. Public Limited Companies Being a Public Limited Company (PLC) is much more complex and is usually reserved for larger companies. To be called a PLC a company must have, amongst other things, more than one director and a trading certificate from Companies House. PLCs can sell their shares on the stock market so anyone can buy them. Whilst it is easier to raise money using this method it also means that the company accounts are in the public domain. The company must also be audited and make certain information available to Companies House. Plus, PLCs can be bought out by other shareholders. 4. Franchises A franchise involves you using another company’s successful business model to create your own shop, restaurant etc. Essentially, you buy the franchise and trade off the good name of the company you’ve bought into. For example Subway – you’d find a suitable location, Subway would provide you with their livery, food products and use of trademark. You make money because customers are already familiar with Subway; so you have an instant customer base. Franchises are for a fixed period of time – from five to 35 years – and cover a certain location known as a ‘territory’. You’ll have to pay fees to the franchisor: royalties for using the trademark ees for the training and advice received There are specific and complex laws relating to franchise contracts so entering into one is something that needs to be thought about very carefully. 5. Workers Co-operatives This is a truly egalitarian form of business that is formed to meet the mutual needs of the workers. Each person – from the managing director to the shop floor assistant – is equal ly important. All decisions are taken democratically and any profits are shared equally or ploughed back into the business. Co-operatives follow seven guiding principles: Voluntary and open membership Democratic control Member economic participation (financial interest) Autonomy and independence Education, training and information Co-operation among co-operatives Concern for the community http://www. ica. coop/coop/principles. html This should give you a pretty good idea of the ethical and moral stance of a co-operative. 6. Limited Liability Partnerships (LLPs) LLPs are a relatively new form of business as they’ve only been around since 2001. They are intended to benefit professional partnerships such as lawyers, accountants and the like, who are restricted from forming limited companies due to restrictions from their professional bodies. LLPs operate in much the same way as limited partnerships and allow the members to limit their personal liability if something goes wrong with the business. So, as you can see, businesses can be simple or complex but, once you know what all the terminology means, you should find it quite easy to decide which kind of business structure will best suit your needs.

Mary Wollstonecraft and The Importance of Being Earnest Essay

Mary Wollstonecraft would have found in the witty comedy The Importance of Being Earnest a small vindication of her ideologies. Wilde touched on many issues that Mary Wollstonecraft herself had strong opinions on, such as, primarily, equality in society, including related concepts such as marriage, social responsibility, sexuality and gender roles, and independence. Wollstonecraft had argued for the rights of man, and then extended her arguments to cover women in particular, whom she felt were wrongly debased and exploited in Victorian society. She wanted a change in British law that would grant women equal rights of property upon marriage. Most known for her radical feminist stance, Wollstonecraft was deeply concerned about the status of females in society. She argued that the womanly â€Å"innocence† is actually just a better name for miserable ignorance, saying that most women were unjustifiably kept in ignorance, and were valued for, and expected to give value to, appearances only, and she argued that women were educated to be attractive to men. She argued for the education of women, and espoused the basic feminist assumptions of equality of men and women. She was particularly opposed to the idea of women being educated to become submissive. Wollstonecraft also contended that everyone, including women, had a right to be independent, and she envisioned a society where all were equal, where women had equal opportunities; she wanted women to hold power over themselves Wollstonecraft’s societal concerns are echoed in Wilde’s play. In the play, marriage is a dominant theme, and is shown as a strong moving force, a motivation for many of the characters actions. Marriage, according to the Lady Bracknell at least, is a woman’s obligation. Algernon and Jack discuss whether marriage is a matter of business or pleasure, which is in some way a questioning of the institution of marriage as it was practiced then. Wilde’s play reflected the conventional views of Victorian society, and the Victorian class system is also parodied effectively. In Victorian England society social position was everything, and the upper class viewed themselves as having virtues unquestionable by the lower classes. In Victorian society appearances were also of paramount importance; this is seen particularly in Gwendolen, when she insists on the correct performance of her marriage proposal above all else. The focus on appearances by the upper class furthered the superior attitude of the upper classes. The gulf between the upper and lower classes is widened because of this, to the detriment of other values such as equality and to the perpetuation of the exploitation of the lower classes. Wollstonecraft had wanted a revolution in female manners; in the play the women portrayed roles that contradicted reality and thus presented a possibility of a change in gender roles. Lady Bracknell had a dominant personality; Gwendolyn and Cecily are shown as relatively headstrong and in charge of themselves, as opposed to the conventional expectations of society; Algernon and Jack are somewhat passive—thereby highlighting the cookie-cutter roles persons were supposed to assume in society. There is also a suggestion of sexuality in the women characters, as evidenced by their flirtatiousness. We are also reminded of Wollstonecraft’s views on education in the play. Lady Bracknell approves of ignorance, explaining that â€Å"The whole theory of modern education is radically unsound. Fortunately in England, at any rate, education produces no effect whatsoever. If it did, it would prove a serious danger to the upper classes, and probably lead to acts of violence†¦ † The upper class, of course, was interested in preserving the existing social structure, which allowed for unequal treatment and subjugation of the lower classes. . This focus on appearances translates to the oppression of those who cannot keep up appearances—that is, the lower classes. Such a focus is seen in Lady Bracknell’s attitude towards Jack, to whom she is kind until she discovers his origins, or when she becomes very king to Cecily when she discovers the Cecily is rich. All in all, the play touches on Wollstonecraft’s primary ideological concerns, and is easily considered a blatant satire of Victorian England society. The play is a vehicle of ideas for social change, much like Wollstonecraft’s works. She would have approved.

FLORIDA MEDICAID PROGRAM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

FLORIDA MEDICAID PROGRAM - Essay Example However, they do not determine eligibility. There are many organizations like The Social Security Administration which determines eligibility for the disabled and The Florida Department of Children and Families (DCF) that determines eligibility for children, the elderly, families and people who need institutional care (Agency for Health Care Administration, 2009, p. 9). Because there are several agencies that are responsible for the eligibility requirements, it is difficult to state exactly all of the criteria. However, most of the agencies say that the criteria includes: Florida does many programs for children. One program is the S-CHIP program also referred to as Florida KidCare. According to the state mandates, states can have a program that includes a separate S-CHIP program, a Medicaid expansion program or a combination of both. Florida operates a combination program (National Academy for State Health Policy, n.d.). The program is provided for "targeted" low income children to provide healthcare. In Florida, families must meet the requirement of being 200% of the federal poverty level in order to get services. There are several benefits to having this program. The following services are covered: The goal of the S-CHIP program is to make sure that children who would otherwise not have health care will have it. Florida provides continuous eligibility for a full year and families are sent an application every 30 days; this makes sure that children are covered on a continuous basis and so they will note be dropped from the

Human Resource Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Resource Technology - Essay Example To become a multinational company the management has to expand its units across the country. As company and its other units are slowly expanding so does the problems are increasing day by day. If HR division is not up to its task then it may be possible that XYZ Inc. may consistent drop in its financial structure that result in heavy losses in the business. The important factors were found to be the hiccups facing by the staff in delivering the goods on time, baggage handling and in customer care. On the manufacturing side XYZ Inc. was unable to meet the supply demand. They have been successful in manufacturing and supplying of small privately owned airplanes. Since the public interest shifted towards the branded name and the feel of first class look the company has to meet the requirements. But XYZ Inc. was slow in its production rate. To meet the market demand on the manufacturing side and to improve customer care service the management introduced some strategies. One of the important factors that should be concentrated is on customer care service. The staff should be trained and should be at best when dealing with customers. The quality of the service should be of high degree. With the help of modern technology the staff could be easily trained.

Health-related Products Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Health-related Products - Case Study Example An increasing score of people is always on the lookout for effective health-related products. Nike iPod sport kit enables the iPod to play any music that motivates the person to perform exercise in accordance with his/her physical condition. It is a perfect device for a health-conscious person who loves listening to music while working out, and who doesn't these days. So far we have been quite successful in following our mission, which is to provide the health-conscious individual with an entertaining exercise experience. Since our product is at the earliest stage of the product life cycle, informing the consumer about the practical benefits of the Nike iPod Sport Kit is critical. Hence, in order to increase the sales of the sport kit, it is mandatory to form a partnership with the gyms, which would hopefully be beneficial for all three companies. 1. As gyms pose the most dangerous threat to the sales of the Nike iPod sport kit, it would be wise to partner with them in order to get decent market publicity. Hence, Nike and Apple would be able to avail the opportunity of selling not only this device but also other products, to gym members and at the gym stores. On the other hand, gyms would also receive numerous benefits from this partnership. Originally unknown gyms partnering with Nike iPod would eventually, be known to be sponsored by Nike and Apple. They would be using these huge brand names in order to attract as many new members as possible. Furthermore, it would also be easier to maneuver the regular costumers of Nike and Apple, to gain memberships at their gyms. 2. There also needs to be a change in the consumers of Nike iPod sport kit. As males are the chief consumers of this product, the aim of this partnership is to convince females into buying this product. Young females of age 22 - 35 years of age are the secondary targets, as they already are members of various gyms. The primary targets are middle or upper class workingwomen, especially those involved in the corporate industry. Use of the product by corporate women would increase its exposure throughout the business industry, resulting in an instant acknowledgement of the innovative technology applied by Nike and Apple Inc. The popularity of this product would also give rise to the sales of other goods manufactured by these companies. A demand for these brand names would further rise in the common market. Advantages of Partnership: For Customers People exercising outside would be able to constantly monitor and regulate their physical state. They can avail the facilities of the gym even when it is not accessible to them for some reason. Holidays or early closing of the gym would not stop people from healthy monitored exercise. High accuracy of the device and its easy operation surpasses the gym equipment in usage. The technology of motivating the user by the choice of songs keeps him running everyday. For the Company The partnership increases exposure of the device to all regular exercisers working out in gyms. The ipod Nano gains further recognition in its quest to maintain its leadership in mp3 players. The best place to explain operation of the device is a gym as it can be practically

Community and Citizenship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Community and Citizenship - Essay Example The latter is mainly about how the elements of capitalism and urban living have transformed the dynamics of the community from the solid communal relationship to a mere arena of exchanges that promote the interests of individuals. The traditional community becomes the more interesting of the two and we can see this as Robyn Ferrel narrated a rural Australian experience. In the narrative, there was the European attempt in establishing settlements and, consequently, in building new communities in an unchartered land. Such experience is characterized by several elements that are fundamental in several other discourses such as in understanding utopia, democracy and citizenship. From both of the pieces, Community and Pinjarra 1970, one finds that communities evolve. It does not follow, however, that when change occurs, the very concept of community is threatened to be eliminated. There is the lesson of history to remind us of the significance of the past and the traditions that holds soci ety together. Topic 2: Communitarian Identity In reading Mark Reinhardt and Seyla Banhabib’s works, it is easy to understand how communitarian identity is seen as the ideological opposition to the liberal identity.

M8A1 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

M8A1 - Term Paper Example ever, in the present, the need in developing this business plan is justified in that an individual must unmask all his true entrepreneurial aspirations. Planning and evaluations are take precedence in business decisions, such that during the planning process, issues such as employment should laid before hand and in a clear way on the table. Once such options are clear, the next step might involve evaluation of realistic goals given the available resources. Before a business plan is designed there is also the need to cement a business idea, such as the one proposed in this paper, and according to Hougaard (2005), a business idea must be innovative, fulfills the need of the customers, unique, has clear focus and provides a long term profitability. Â   Business models vary in as many as there are businesses all over the world, and different founders, hence different schools of thought towards business plans. A good business plan should be of a dynamic model addressing the following; market need, image, target group, and the mode of operations. The purpose of this paper is to prepare a business plan that involves the design of male official clothing wear here in the US, and then the manufacturing of the cloths in China, and then exporting them to a store in the United Kingdom using the finest materials and the finest minds in clothing design. The brand name for the company’s name for the product is a catchy phrase containing certain initials of the name of the author of this paper, MARASHI. The Business shall be registered as a limited company, and will enjoy all the trappings that accrue to limited liability companies. Ownership of the company shall initially be a private limited company with ownership drawn from family members and other select few friends. The proposed share capital for this venture shall consist of 100, 000 shares each valued at a nominal share price of $10. All the savings that have been accrued over the years by the author of this document

First Generation Ethnic Minority Students with Multiple Higher Research Paper

First Generation Ethnic Minority Students with Multiple Higher Education Degrees - Research Paper Example The study also identified that having a familial support network, pride in becoming a sort of educational role model for others, the desire to gain a better household income through degree attainment, and substantially positive psychological coping and attitude contributed to constructive navigation of the education process. Through in-depth discussion with a first generation ethnic minority student, a variety of theoretical opportunities for family members of this group and institutional leaders to better engage and support first generation ethnic minority students was determined. Understanding the challenges and opportunities for first generation students has been a subject of interest to many researchers historically. The terminology of â€Å"first generation† is referring to any student that actively pursues a college/university education as the first individual within a family dynamic whose parents have not graduated from colleges or university institutions. As of 2012, approximately half of Alaska Natives, American Indians, African Americans, Hispanics and Latino doctorate holders belonged within family units where neither parent had been awarded a college degree (NSF, 2012). However, it is common that First Generation Ethnic Minority Students lack the knowledge that is required to make wise choices while completing their Masters and PhD Programs, which can pose serious consequences on their academic achievements. Ethnic minorities obtaining graduate degrees has been inadequately covered in research, and their challenges have lacked the necessary attention that is crucial in ensuring that they make wise choices during their academic profession. Research has pointed out that First Generation Ethnic Minority Students are inclined to face more challenges unless there is an intervention to streamline their decision making process. As the population of First Generation Ethnic Minority Students continues to increase, it is

Stem Cell Therapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stem Cell Therapy - Essay Example Some stem cell researchers have advocated for the therapy in treating diseases like diabetes mellitus, Parkinson’s disease, ulcerative colitis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis and other myopathy, hematopoietic organ diseases, oncological diseases, some hereditary and genetic abnormalities (Conrad, 2012). Some success rates in stem cell therapy exist in the field of oncology where cancer patients subjected to chemoprophylaxis may at one point require bone marrow transplantation or umbilical blood stem cells. Chemoprophylaxis in cancer patients often results in the destruction of cancer cells plus even hematopoietic cells. Stem cell often helps them in restoring their normal blood cells increasing their chances of survival from the disease. Therapeutic cloning is a type of stem cell therapy. Cloning is possible through the use of embryonic stem cells. Here, an egg gets denucleated, that is, the DNA gets removed, and replaced with a somatic cell nucleus. The egg gets stimulated through the use of an electric pulse, and a blastocyst gets formed to provide stem cells that are identical to those of the original somatic cell nucleus. If implanted in the womb, the replicated embryo can be born as a cloned baby. It is through this process that Dolly the first cloned sheep was created (Conrad, 2012). Embryonic stem cell suitability for transplantation has recently been in question because of the instability of the cloned cells. Dolly, for example, gave an outward impression of full health but had many genetic defections (Wimmer 3). The process of therapeutic cloning is ineffective. A high percentage of clones die before or soon after birth with a success rate of between 3 to 4% (Conrad 2012). In as much as there have been a number of progresses in stem cell therapy, there are still a number of controversies regarding the issue. Controversies

Re-Made in Japan by Joseph Jay Tobin Essay Example for Free

Re-Made in Japan by Joseph Jay Tobin Essay Re-Made in Japan, edited by Joseph Jay Tobin, is a collection of essays which study Japan’s post-World War II consumption habits and is predicated on the idea that if â€Å"in Japan students study hard and workers work hard, it is equally true that pleasure seekers play hard and consumers consume hard† (Tobin, 1992, p. 1).   In addition, the authors in this volume argue that Japanese consumerism borrows a great deal from the West but has given Western items and practices uniquely Japanese meanings, creating something both exotic and familiar.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tobin, who received his doctorate in education from the University of Chicago and currently teaches at Arizona State University, specializes in the study of Japanese culture, ethnography, and the media’s effects (National Academy of Sciences).   The book draws on each of these by examining how the Japanese, a nation well-known for its ability to borrow from other cultures, has borrowed Western consumption habits but is not simply aping the West.   In addition, his contributors include a number of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tobin argues against the widely-spread misconception that the Japanese can only imitate and lack the ability to create, maintaining that â€Å"the Japanese [are] engaged in an ongoing creative synthesis of the exotic with the familiar, the foreign with the domestic, the modern with the traditional, the Western with the Japanese† (Tobin, 1992, p. 4).   In the process, Western cultural artifacts and habits have had their meanings changed into something uniquely Japanese, demonstrating their active engagement with the West instead of passive acceptance of imposed ways.   Consumption, Tobin implies, is as important as production in shaping national identity, and Japan’s habits have made it more dominant than submissive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The work also attacks the myth of cultural purity and authenticity, which includes the manufacturing of â€Å"authentic† goods, rituals, and notions of history and community.   To its credit, the book makes a concerted effort to avoid portraying the Japanese as a monolith.   The thirteen authors here study both urban and rural Japanese, as well as questions of class and gender.   Though Tobin concedes that many of the volume’s observations are truer of Tokyo than of Japan’s smaller cities and countryside, he shows that similar trends pervade the entire nation, though they manifest more intensely in the capital.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The book’s essays are all intriguing, though they vary in terms of how germane they are to the subjects Tobin addresses in his introduction.   Millie Creighton’s essay explores the manufacture and sale of â€Å"Japaneseness,† promoted mainly by the depato (department store, itself a Western import).   These large stores fit Japan’s sense of hierarchy and are a major conduit for Western goods, though they also promote education and a sense of Japanese values. She writes: â€Å"Depato, long brokers of Western goods and customs, now also play the reverse role of re-educating a westernized consuming public of their own cultural heritage, real or imagined† (Tobin, 1992, p. 54).   Also, James Stanlaw’s essay â€Å"For Beautiful Human Life† studies the large number of loanwords (nearly five thousand, mainly English-derived) in the contemporary Japanese vocabulary, most of which refer to material objects or goods largely unfamiliar to pre-war Japan (Tobin, 1992, p. 61) and examines the process of how the Japanese have altered those words’ meanings beyond their original definitions, showing how the cultural interaction was not wholly one-sided.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Scott Clark’s chapter on the Japanese bath – a traditional cultural practice which is now high-tech, with programmable water faucets and other accoutrements – also offers a good example of how foreign imports have been assimilated.   More importantly, Clark studies how this traditional practice has been brought into modern consumer culture because it has assumed meaning as a self-identifier and status symbol among consumers.   Even a high-tech bathing space can feel â€Å"traditional,† says Clark, showing how moderns’ sense of tradition is fluid and views tradition through contemporary lenses. In addition, many affluent Japanese patronized public bathing houses (though they have full bathrooms at home) because bath houses have become a consumer item rife with connotations of high status, good taste, and community through sharing Japanese tradition.   Clark comments, â€Å"Bathing in Japan is, of course, much more than its mere material manifestations.   It involves notions of status, purity, cleanliness, and bonding through naked association. . . . [If this] is neglected, members begin to feel that something important us lacking from the communal relationship† (Tobin, 1992, p. 102).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nancy Rosenberger’s essay demonstrates the relationship between gender and consumption of Western goods, which in Japan is a sort of code attesting to one’s affluence, status, and good taste, as well as the quality of one’s family.   As she explains, magazine advertisements targeting Japanese housewives â€Å"link Western interior design with Western-style relationships. . . . In the housewives competition, the ultimate goal is the establishment of a feeling of ‘our house’† (Tobin, 1992, p. 113).   Basically, she claims, Western design means a better family because it connotes closeness and emotional stability.   Also, she adds, â€Å"Decorating allows a woman to express the whims of her ‘spirit, just as she is’† (Tobin, 1992, p. 114).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Perhaps the strongest and most intriguing essay in this volume is Mary Yoko Brannen’s â€Å"Bwana Mickey,† which uses Tokyo Disneyland as evidence that the Japanese, instead of subserviently borrowing Western culture without question or criticism, approach it shrewdly and treat it in a somewhat bemused, even condescending fashion.   A near-identical copy of the southern California original, the park is not an example of the supposedly uncritical Japanese fascination with the West (indeed, the entire volume argues against that notion). Instead, Japanese visitors display their own sort of cultural imperialism, treating it as a quaint form of exotica, much like ethnic displays at world’s fairs a century ago treated people of color.   Brannan claims, The Japanese view the Other dualistically: positive responses include everything from respect to condescending appreciation; negative responses range from ridicule to outright omission† Tobin, 1992, p. 227).   One sees a tradition of Western thought turned on its head, with the Japanese retaining their cultural sensibilities and viewing this American import not with wide-eyed awe, but as a form of quaint American campiness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Other essays work less effectively though they make for interesting reading.   For example, William Kelly’s essay â€Å"Tractors, Television, and Telephones† is an interesting look at how those three inventions have altered rural Japanese life.   While it explains the transforming effect on Japan’s countryside, it overlooks larger questions of consumption and cultural mingling and lacks a dynamic connection to Tobin’s arguments and to other essays in the book. Similarly, Diana Bethel’s chapter on homes for the elderly is a well-written piece of scholarship, but it seems out of place here as well.   Dealing primarily with socialization patterns among residents of convalescent homes, the essay focuses more on their patterns of adaptation to structured living, as well as how men and women each claim and define physical space, while consumption habits are somewhat peripheral and not related to Japan’s synthesis of foreign goods and habits.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though not every work in this volume is equally effective, Re-Made in Japan is a useful work of cultural anthropology which studies cultural dialogue and synthesis.   It shows how cultural change is a dialogue, in which even seemingly subordinate recipients of foreign cultural artifacts and practices apply their own sensibilities and selectively incorporate certain things into their own cultures, transforming the imports into something â€Å"native.†Ã‚   For students of anthropology and cultural studies, this work has considerable value by providing models for studying the process of culture and the very nature of what makes something â€Å"authentic.† WORKS CITED National Academy of Sciences (2006).   Joseph Tobin Biography.   Retrieved 22 June 2006 from http://www7.nationalacademies.org/core/Joseph_Tobin_Bio.html. Tobin, J.J. (Ed.). (1992).   Re-Made in Japan.   New Haven: Yale University Press.

Reacties van stoffen opgelost in water

Reacties van stoffen opgelost in water De volgende onderwerpen komen aan bod in dit hoofdstuk: Elektrolyten Netto Ion-vergelijkingen Soorten reacties Neerslag reacties Zuur-base reacties Redox reacties Elektrolyten: Als suiker (Sucrose) oplost, kun je daar de volgende moleculevergelijking voor opstellen: C12H22O11(s) à   C12H22O11(aq) Als keukenzout oplost zie de vergelijking er als volgt uit: NaCl(s) à   Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) Het verschil is uiteraard, dat keukenzout splitst in de ionen Na+ en Cl- en dat sucrose als geheel molecuul oplost. NaCl is een elektrolyt en C12H22O11 is een non-elektrolyt. Een elektrolyt is een stof die bij het oplossen splitst in ionen. Een non- elektrolyt is een stof die oplost als geheel molecuul. De meeste reacties zijn evenwichtsreacties. Het evenwicht ligt vaak heel erg ver naar à ©Ãƒ ©n kant. Twee voorbeelden hiervan: Bij CH3CO2H ligt het evenwicht zeer ver naar de kant van de stof opgelost als geheel , maar hij kan wel opsplitsen in ionen. CH3CO2H is een zwakke elektrolyt. Bij KCl ligt het evenwicht juist heel sterk de andere kant op, naar die van de ionen. KCl is dus een zwakke elektrolyt. Een stof die bij het oplossen (bijna) helemaal splitst in ionen is een sterke elektrolyt. Een stof die bij het oplossen maar een klein beetje splitst in ionen is een zwakke elektrolyt. Netto ionvergelijkingen Wat een moleculevergelijking is, is bekend:. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2 KI(aq)à   2 KNO3(aq) + PbI2(s) In deze vergelijking zie je dat twee opgeloste stoffen worden samengevoegd en twee nieuwe stoffen vormen, een vaste en een opgeloste stof. De stoffen die opgelost zijn, zijn echter allemaal sterke elektrolyten en zijn dus gesplitst in ionen. Dit kunnen we weergeven met een ionvergelijking: Pb2+(aq) + 2 NO3-(aq) + 2 K+(aq) + 2 I-(aq) à   2 K+(aq) + 2 NO3-(aq) + PbI2(s) Een aantal van de ionen vind je zowel links als rechts van de pijl. Deze kun je, net als in een wiskundige vergelijking, tegenover elkaar wegstrepen. Wat je dan overhoud is de netto ionvergelijking: Pb2+(aq) + 2 NO3-(aq) + 2 K+(aq) + 2 I-(aq) à   2 K+(aq) + 2 NO3-(aq) + PbI2(s) Pb2+(aq) + 2 I-(aq) à   PbI2(s) In deze netto ionvergelijking vind je alleen de stoffen die daadwerkelijk aan de reactie deelnemen. Een ionvergelijking is een moleculevergelijking, maar dan zijn alle opgeloste elektrolyten als afzonderlijke ionen opgeschreven. Een netto ionvergelijking is een ionvergelijking, waarin de ionen die niet aan de werkelijke reactie deelnemen zijn weggelaten aan beide kanten van de pijl. Neerslagreacties Het voorbeeld wat gebruikt is bij het uitleggen van de netto ionvergelijking is een voorbeeld van een neerslagreactie. Er worden meerdere opgeloste stoffen samengevoegd, waarna er uit enkele van deze opgeloste stoffen een vaste stof ontstaat. Deze vaste stof wordt zichtbaar in de vloeistof en heet de neerslag. Kobaltchloride en Natronloog (YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k1xwIu0UGiE) CoCl2(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) à   2 NaCl(aq) + Co(OH)2(s) Netto: Co2+(aq) + 2 OH-(aq) à   Co(OH)2(s) In het filmpje is duidelijk te zien date r een soort groene wolk ontstaat. Dit is de neerslag, welke wordt gevormd omdat Co(OH)2 slecht oplosbaar is en dus een vaste stof wordt. Of er een neerslagreactie plaatsvindt is dus afhankelijk van hoe goed stoffen oplossen. Wanneer is de oplosbaarheid van een stof goed en wanneer is deze slecht? Oplosbaarheid van stoffen is goed als de stof deze cationen bevat: Groep 1A (Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+) Ammonium ion (NH4+) Oplosbaarheid van stoffen is goed als de stof deze anionen bevat: Halogenen (Cl-, Br-, I-, NIET Ag+, Hg2+, Pb2+) Nitraat (NO3-), perchloraat (ClO4-), acetaat (CH3CO2-), sulfaat (SO42-) NIET Ba2+, Hg2+ en Pb2+ sulfaat Zoals er hier al tussen staat, zijn er op de bovenstaande regels veel uitzonderingen te bedenken. Een vollediger overzicht vind je in BINAS tabel 45. Hierin staat op het kruispunt van een kolom (cation) en een rij (anion) die bij bepaalde ionen horen of de stof die uit deze twee ionen is opgebouwd goed oplosbaar is of niet. Een neerslagreactie is een reactie, waarbij opgeloste stoffen een vaste stof (neerslag) vormen. Of er een neerslagreactie plaats vind is afhankelijk van de oplosbaarheid van stoffen. Oplosbaarheid is te vinden in BINAS tabel 45. Zuur-base reacties Zuren en basen zijn stoffen die als ze opgelost zijn in water op een bepaalde manier reageren. Volgens een klassieke omschrijving is dat op de volgende manier: Zuur: stof die H+ kan afgeven. Voorbeeld: HA(aq) à   H+(aq) + A-(aq) Voorbeeldreacties zuur in (en met) water: HCl(aq) + H2O(l) à   H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq) CO2(aq)+ 2 H2O(l) (= H2CO3(aq) + H2O(l)) à   HCO3- + H3O+ Base: stof die H+ kan opnemen. Voorbeeld: BOH(aq) + H+ à   B+(aq) + H2O(l) Voorbeeldreacties base in (en met) water: NH2-(aq) + H2O(l) à   NH3(aq) + OH-(aq) BrO-(aq) + H2O(l) à   HBrO(aq) + OH-(aq) Als een zuur en een base samen in à ©Ãƒ ©n oplossing zijn, neutraliseren zij elkaar. Dit noemen we dan een neutralisatiereactie. Voorbeeldreactie zuur (zoutzuur) met base(natronloog): HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) à   H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) à   H2O(l) + NaCl (aq) Op deze manier zijn dus het (sterke) zuur en de (sterke) base verdwenen. NaOH (aq) splitst in Na+ OH- en neemt de H+ (ontstaan doordat HCl splitst in H+ Cl-). Hierdoor onstaan dus water en een zout (in dit geval keukenzout, maar andere zouten komen uiteraard ook voor). Veel informatie is ook te vinden in BINAS tabel 49. Hierin staan zuren in de linker kolom en basen in de rechter kolom. Daarnaast zijn de sterke zuren bovenin te vinden en de zwakke zuren onderin. Sterke basen staan juist onderin en de zwakke bovenin. Hieruit volgt ook dat als een zuur een H+ afstaan dat het een base vormt: een sterk zuur splitst in een zwakke base en H+. Omgekeerd vormt een sterke base als het een H+ opneemt een zwak zuur: een sterke base vormt een zwak zuur als het een H+ opneemt. Zuur: stof die H+ kan afgeven. Base: stof die H+ kan opnemen. Als een zuur en een base elkaar neutraliseren ontstaan water en een zout. Veel info over zuren en basen te vinden in BINAS Tabel 49 Redox reacties Een REDOX reactie is een reactie waarbij elektronen worden uitgewisseld: A- A + e- A2- A- + e- A A+ + e- A+ A2+ + e- De naam redox komt van de woorden reductie en oxidatie: REDuctie: elektronen worden opgenomen . OXidatie: elektronen worden afgegeven. Hoe weet je of een reactie een redox reactie is of niet? Om dit te kunnen bepalen moet je redox-getallen toekennen aan de verschillende moleculen, ionen of atomen. Elementen hebben redoxgetal 0 Na, H2, Br2, S, Ne hebben redoxgetal 0 Ionen hebben een redox getal gelijk aan hun lading Na+ (+1), Ca2+ (+2), Al3+ (+3), Cl- (-1), O2- (-2) Het totaal is 0 voor een molecuul en gelijk aan de lading van een samengesteld ion. H2SO4, ClO4-, NH4+ In moleculen of samengestelde ionen hebben atomen gewoonlijk het zelfde getal als hun vorm als ion. H-O-H (+1, -2, +1,totaal 0), [O-H]- (-2, +1, totaal -1) Uitzonderingen: Waterstof is +1 of -1 Na-H (+1, -1 totaal 0, dus H: -1), H-Cl (+1, -1, totaal 0, dus H: +1) Zuurstof is meestal -2 H-O-H (+1, -2, +1,totaal 0, dus O: -2 ), H-O-O-H(+1, -1, -1 +1,totaal 0, dus O: -1) Halogenen zijn meestal -1 Cl-O-Cl (+1, -2, +1,totaal 0, dus Cl: -1 ), H-O-Br Een reactie is een redox-reactie als van een atoom of ion het redoxgetal na de reactie anders is dan voor de reactie heeft plaats gevonden. In de praktijk kun je herkennen of bepaalde reacties redox-reacties zijn door een stof geforceerd te laten reageren met een stof waarvan je zeker weer dat deze stof reduceert of oxideert. Als à ©Ãƒ ©n onderdeel van een reactie oxideert, reduceert namelijk een ander deel. Als er dan inderdaad een reactie plaats vindt, is het waarschijnlijk een redox-reactie. De stof die zelf reduceert en er dus voor zorgt dat een andere stof oxideert is een oxidatie-agent of oxidator. Een stof die zelf oxideert en er dus voor zorgt dat een andere stof reduceert is een reductie-agent of reductor: IJzer laat men met zuurstof (oxidator) reageren (roesten van ijzer): De redoxgetallen van Fe en O zijn veranderd, dus is het een redoxreactie. Met laat ijzeroxide uit ijzererts met koolstof (reductor) reageren (winning van ijzer): De redoxgetallen van Fe en C zijn veranderd, dus is het een redoxreactie. Om redoxreacties kloppend te maken kun je ook redoxgetallen gebruiken: Neem de volgende stappen: Zorg dat de reactie klopt voor de reeds bekende reactieproducten. Bepaal van de onjuiste reactievergelijking de redoxgetallen van de verschillende atomen en ionen. Bekijk wat van de bekende reactieproducten de af- en toename is van het redoxgetal. Vermenigvuldig het aantal moleculen waarvan het redoxgetal afneemt met het getal van de toename. Vermenigvuldig het aantal moleculen waarvan het redoxgetal toeneemt met het getal van de afname. Maak nu de reactie kloppend voor de overige uitgangsstoffen door reactieproducten toe te voegen. Als laatste maak je de reactie kloppend door bijvoorbeeld nog enkele H+ ionen bij de uitgangsstoffen te voegen. Een andere manier om de vergelijking van een redoxreactie kloppend te maken is door gebruik te maken van halfvergelijkingen. Enkele voorbeelden van halfvergelijkingen: Li à   Li+ + e- Mg à   Mg2+ + 2e- Co à   Co2+ + 2 e- Cu à   Cu2+ + 2 e- Deze kun je op de volgende manier gebruiken om vergelijkingen kloppend te maken: Bepaal uit een niet kloppende reactievergelijking de oxidatie halfreactie en de reductie halfreatie. Maak de reactievergelijkingen kloppend. Voeg hier eventueel nieuwe reactieproducten en H+ voor toe. Voeg elektronen toe om de halfreacties helemaal kloppend te maken. Zorg dat er in beide halfreacties evenveel elektronen voor komen (door een veelvoud van of beide halfreacties te nemen) Voeg de twee halfreacties samen. Haal de elektronen uit de uiteindelijke reactie. Een voorbeeld hiervan: In BINAS tabel 48 staat een overzicht met halfreacties. Ook vind je in deze tabel informatie over de sterkte van een bepaald molecuul of ion als reductor of oxidator.

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk :: Biographies Bio Biography

FOUNDER AND THE FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE TURKISH REPUBLIC Atatà ¼rk was born in 1881 at the KocakasÄ ±m ward of Salonika, in a three story pink house located on Islahhane Street. His father is Ali RÄ ±za Efendi and his mother Zà ¼beyde HanÄ ±m. His paternal grandfather, HafÄ ±z Ahmed Efendi belonged to the KocacÄ ±k nomads who were settled in Macedonia during the XIV - XV th centuries. His mother Zà ¼beyde HanÄ ±m was the daughter of an Old Turkish family who had settled in the town of Langasa near Salonika. Ali RÄ ±za Efendi, who worked as militia officer, title deed clerk and lumber trader, married Zà ¼beyde HanÄ ±m in 1871. Four of the 5 siblings of Atatà ¼rk died at early ages and only one sister, Makbule (Atadan) survived, and lived until 1956. Upon reaching school age, little Mustafa started school at the neighborhood classes of HafÄ ±z Mehmet Efendi and later, with his father's choice, was transferred to Åžemsi Efendi School. He lost his father in 1888 where upon he stayed at the farm of his maternal uncle for a while and returned to Salonika to complete his studies. He registered at the Salonika Mà ¼lkiye Rà ¼Ã…Ÿtiye (secondary school) and soon transferred to the military Rà ¼Ã…Ÿtiye. While at this school, his math teacher, also named Mustafa, added "Kemal" to his name. He attended the ManastÄ ±r Military School between 1896 - 1899 and later the Military School in Ä °stanbul from which he graduated in 1902 with the rank of lieutenant. He later entered the Military Academy and graduated on January 11, 1905 with the rank of major. Between 1905 - 1907 he was stationed in Damascus with the 5th. Army. In 1907 he was promoted to the rank of "KolaÄŸasÄ ±" (senior major) and was posted with the III rd Army , which w as stationed in ManastÄ ±r. He was the Staff Officer of the "Special Troops" (Hareket Ordusu) which entered Ä °stanbul on April 19, 1909. He was sent to Paris in 1910 where he attended the Picardie manuevers. In 1911 he started to work at the General Staff Office in Ä °stanbul. Mustafa Kemal was stationed at Tobruk and Derne regions with a group of his friends during the war which started with the Italian attack on Tripoli. He won the Tobruk battle in 22 December 1911 against the Italians. On March 6, 1912 he was made the Commander of Derne. When the Balkan War started in October 1912, Mustafa Kemal joined the battle with units from Gallipoli and BolayÄ ±r.

Misconceptions about Satanism :: Non-Christian Religions Satan

Misconceptions about Satanism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most religions like Christianity, Hinduism, and Islam have well defined meanings, one exception is Satanism. Most people have their own definition for Satanism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some people feel that non-Christian religions and all Christian denominations other than their own are forms of Satanism. This would imply that all Buddhists, Hindus, Moslems, and Jews. In fact at least 75% of the world's population would be Satanists.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Others feel that all religions other than Judaism or Christianity are inspired by Satan and thus are forms of Satanism. This would still leave the vast majority of people in the world being Satanists.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Large numbers of people feel that a wide variety of unrelated, benign religions (such as Santeria and other Caribbean religions, Druidism, New Age, Wicca, ect.) are forms of Satanism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Such definitions create great confusion. The following are recommended terms and descriptions for four essentially unrelated religions that have been called Satanism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first is Religious Satanism, This faith includes the recognition of Satan either as a deity or as a principle. Three main denominations exist: the Church of Satan, the Temple of Set, and the Church of Satanic Liberation. Other short lived Satanic groups currently exist and have existed in the recent past. According to Statistic Canada, the 1991 census found 335 Canadians who identified themselves as Satanists. The actual Number is probably significantly larger. A United States Department of the Army pamphlet #165-13 "RELIGIOUS REQUIREMENTS AND PRACTICES OF CERTAIN SELECTED GROUPS - A HANDBOOK FOR CHAPLAINS" (1978 - April) estimated that there were 10 to 20 thousand members of the Church of Satan in the United States. Accurate data is impossible to estimate, since the largest group (The Church of Satan) does not release its membership totals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is important to realize that the Satan they recognize has few if any point s of similarity with the Christian concept of Satan. The Satanists' concept of Satan is pre-Christian, and derived from the Pagan image of power, virility, sexuality and sensuality. To most Satanists, Satan is a force of nature, not a living quasi-deity. Their Satan has nothing to do with Hell, demons, pitchforks or profound evil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The image of Satanism spawned by Christianity is called Gothic Satanism. It is an imaginary and profoundly evil religion that was invented during the late Middle Ages. Concepts included ritual killing of children, selling their soul to the devil, breaking crucifixes, conducting black masses, ect. It has never existed in the past, and does not exist today, except in the imagination of the public.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another form of Satanism is Teen Satanism: A syncretistic religion which is a blend of Religious Satanism, Gothic Satanism, ceremonial magick, and any

The Aprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz Quote Analysis :: essays research papers

"A man without land is nothing." Though the passage I have selected is short, I believe it is the most obvious indication to the main theme of the book, as well as a common goal for not only Duddy Kravitz, but countless others, fictitious and not. I could have chosen a longer quotation from the book, but I felt that this phrase clearly communicates to the reader that the "American Dream" has been a preoccupation with Duddy since he was very young. Duddy's grandfather acted as a prominent father figure to him during his early childhood, when his father could not always be there for him, and as a result of always having him around while Duddy was so young and impressionable, he had a lot of influence on Duddy's developing mind. Coming from someone in such a position at that point in Duddy's life, a statement like "a man without land is nothing", has a particularly strong effect. The words themselves are very blunt and closed to interpretation. He wasn't simply telling him it would be nice to own property, his grandfather was telling him he will never have amounted to anything in his eyes, unless he owns land. A message that strong coming from a figure with so much influence on a boy like Duddy can have a very monumental impression. It is clear that Duddy did, in fact, take these words to heart, as he is constantly involved in get-rich-quick schemes, starting when he is still in school. This preoccupation would eventually be Duddy's downfall. Though The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz was written years ago, the idea of materialism, and measuring one's success by their possessions is also a prominent theme in pop culture in the West. Luxurious and excessive lifestyles are in, perpetuated by "blinged out" rap artists and rock stars who own multiple houses, and drive unnecessarily large and expensive sport utility vehicles and sports cars. Pop music has evolved throughout the 20th Century, and has now gotten to a point where it's not just music, but an industry. Singers are actors and vice versa. To make it big in the music industry you not only have to have talent, but a strong business sense, and your own clothing line, of course. The Aprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz Quote Analysis :: essays research papers "A man without land is nothing." Though the passage I have selected is short, I believe it is the most obvious indication to the main theme of the book, as well as a common goal for not only Duddy Kravitz, but countless others, fictitious and not. I could have chosen a longer quotation from the book, but I felt that this phrase clearly communicates to the reader that the "American Dream" has been a preoccupation with Duddy since he was very young. Duddy's grandfather acted as a prominent father figure to him during his early childhood, when his father could not always be there for him, and as a result of always having him around while Duddy was so young and impressionable, he had a lot of influence on Duddy's developing mind. Coming from someone in such a position at that point in Duddy's life, a statement like "a man without land is nothing", has a particularly strong effect. The words themselves are very blunt and closed to interpretation. He wasn't simply telling him it would be nice to own property, his grandfather was telling him he will never have amounted to anything in his eyes, unless he owns land. A message that strong coming from a figure with so much influence on a boy like Duddy can have a very monumental impression. It is clear that Duddy did, in fact, take these words to heart, as he is constantly involved in get-rich-quick schemes, starting when he is still in school. This preoccupation would eventually be Duddy's downfall. Though The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz was written years ago, the idea of materialism, and measuring one's success by their possessions is also a prominent theme in pop culture in the West. Luxurious and excessive lifestyles are in, perpetuated by "blinged out" rap artists and rock stars who own multiple houses, and drive unnecessarily large and expensive sport utility vehicles and sports cars. Pop music has evolved throughout the 20th Century, and has now gotten to a point where it's not just music, but an industry. Singers are actors and vice versa. To make it big in the music industry you not only have to have talent, but a strong business sense, and your own clothing line, of course.

Fitness: Personal Life and Healthy Active Lifestyle Essay

You can consider yourself to have a healthy lifestyle if you have good physical, mental, social, and spiritual health. Good physical health is a result of all your body’s important functions working well together. A person in good physical health can more easily to fight off disease, recover from illness, and perform daily routines without feeling tired. Good mental health is a result of positive feelings about you and about others. Your mental health can influence your decisions. A person in good mental health can more easily to deal with stress, cope with change and maintain a positive outlook on life. Good social health is a result of your interactions with others and of coping well with social situations. Social health can be built through friendships, participation in community groups, and volunteer work. A person in good social health can more easily to feel close and connected to other people, understand his or her own self-worth and cope with life’s ups and downs. Good spiritual health gives peace of mind. Spirituality can be gained and expressed in the way you play a musical instrument, dance, work with art materials, or through religion. It can also be apparent through reaching out to help others in ways that restore their dignity and self-worth. Good spiritual health can give your life a purpose to provide you with stress relief and help you develop support systems. Focusing on each of these dimensions, and continually striving to improve in each area, is one of the keys to a long and happy life. 2. What is BMI? What is your BMI ? Body Mass Index (BMI) is a number calculated from a person’s weight and height. BMI is a fairly reliable indicator of body fatness for most people. BMI does not measure body fat directly, but research has shown that BMI correlates to direct measures of body fat, such as underwater weighing and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). 1, 2  BMI can be considered an alternative for direct measures of body fat. Additionally, BMI is an inexpensive and easy-to-perform method of screening for weight categories that may lead to health problems. Calculating BMI BMI=__________________ 3. What is long-term fitness goal that you aspire to? 4. What are different ways to live a healthy active lifestyle ? Nutrition 1. Why should Nutrition be important for teenager? 2. What are 4 food groups and why they are important? 3. Create 3-days meal plan that incorporate all the food groups and contributes to a healthy active lifestyle. Your meal plan should include specific serving size. | B/L/D/S| Serving size| | DAY 1| | | | DAY 2| | | | DAY 3| | | | Sexuality 1. What are the 10 component that you want in a healthy relationship? 10 Component of Healthy Relationship * Feel happy and relaxed * Spend time together and time apart * Demonstrate trust * Are confident Have positive self-esteem * Act with mutual respect * Feel appreciated * Communicate openly and honesty * Attempt to understand one another * Listen to each other 2. What is Abstinence? Why is Abstinence the best method to protect your sexual health? Abstinence from sexual activity means refraining from any form of sexual activity that could result in pregnancy or the all form of intercourse. Abstinence is the best method to protect s exual health 3. What are the 2 common STI’s? Indicate how they are transmitted, sign and symptoms, treatment and prevention. Name of STI’s| Transmitted| Sign and Symptoms | Treatment and Prevention| HPV(Human Papilloma Virus)| * Unprotected sex * Direct contact with sores/kissing * Mother to infant before birth| * Stage 1= small red bumps, liquid in genital area (chancres) * Stage 2= rash, flu-like symptoms, hair loss, genital growth| * Antibiotics, but only if it is caught easy * If not treated early, medication cannot repair damage already done| Trichomonas | * Unprotected sex or sexual contact| * Saginal discharge and odour * Pain or itching (during urinating) * Spotty bleeding frequent urination | * Antibiotics for affected person and his or her partner| 4. What are 2 common STI’s of contraceptive and indicate how it works, its effectiveness, advantages and disadvantage? Name of Contraceptive| How it work| Effectiveness| Advantages| Disadvantages| Male Condom | * Physical barrier acts to prevent direct genital contact and the exchange of genital fluids| * The condom is 98% effective when used perfectly * With typical use, it is 85% effective| * Available without a prescription * Latex condoms protect against sexually transmitted infection * May help to avoid premature ejaculation | * Must be | | | | | | Conflict Resolution 1. What are 4 type of conflict that may affect teenagers and how can they be deal with effective? 4 type of conflict that may affect teenagers a. Internal Conflicts b. Interpersonal Conflicts c. Intra-Group conflicts d. Inter-Group Conflicts 2. What skills can help teenagers deal with conflicts? Which of those attribute do you oppose? a. Empathy b. Patience and to Lawrence c. Clear and direct message d. Creative thinking e. Critical thinking f. Assertiveness Body Image and self-esteem 1. What is body image? What is self-esteem? Body image is an mental picture of your own body. Body image includes how you feel about your body, want you believe about your body, how you see yourself and how you think you look to others. Self-esteem describes how valued or worthy a person feels. People with high-self-esteem make good choices. People with low-self-esteem may feel that they are unworthy of the opportunities life has to offer. 2. What are 3 factors that influence body image? The 3 factors that influence body image are impact of media on body image, family influence on body image, and friend’s effect on body image. 3. What is the self-point theory? Self-Point Theory says each of us has a weight (or â€Å"self-point†) that our body â€Å"programmed† to maintain;gt; if we drop below this self-point the theory says our body automatically reacts (possible to protect itself) and we are unable to keep weight off. 4. How would you rate your body image on a scale of 1-100 and why? Exercise Activity 1. What type of exercise do you most enjoy and why? 2. Indicate where your exercise originated and the basic concepts of the exercise, equipment needed and space required.

Waste Management individual coursework

Brief overview The modern day industrial societies are concerned with environmental protection and sustainable use of natural resources. A lot of waste is generated by businesses, households and the construction industry globally on daily basis. Engineering has a role in designing ways of effectively managing waste through various means like green technology and exploiting waste to produce alternative sources of energy (Worrell & Vesilind, 2012, p. 71). The management of waste through proper disposal or recycling is important in protecting the environment. Engineering has a great role in ensuring sustainable use of natural resources and environmental protection. Mechanical engineers are actively engaged with how the society uses natural resources. It discovers, designs, maintains, improves and repairs machineries like cars, airplanes and industrial equipment which human beings depend on for their daily lives (Wang & Koh 2010, p. 49). In the future, mechanical engineering will deliver solutions that will sustain and protect the existence of man on the planet. There are two major ways in which engineering can help in mitigating the problem of waste management which are preventing waste in engineering and management of waste. The next section will look at the two methods, their advantages, disadvantages and cases where they have been used successfully. Waste prevention (Designing out waste in mechanical engineering) Green manufacturing is an emerging concept in engineering that aims to achieve sustainable development in the manufacturing industry. Dornfeld (2010, p. 56) defines green manufacturing as the creation of manufactured products that use processes that conserve energy and natural resources, are non-polluting and are economically safe and sound for users. There is an increasing need for mechanical engineers and engineering in general to innovate new ways of creating products that minimise waste of resources. Rynn (2010, p. 87) asserts that for mechanical engineering to b e able to design products that are friendly to the environment, issues of sustainability should be part of all the decision making processes in engineering. This covers all the steps from product design to its end life and after that the needed efforts in regaining its value rather than disposal. The main objective for green manufacturing is to produce products that can be remanufactured, recycled or reused. As such green manufacturing process reduces the environmental impact of a manufacturing process than it was in the past. Green manufacturing systems include measures to reduce the volume of hazardous waste produced, change the energy mix to include the use of more renewable resources and cut down the volume of coolant consumed in the manufacturing process. The other measure that reduces waste of resources is lean manufacturing which has been successfully used by Toyota in its manufacturing plants. The lean manufacturing system as used by Toyota managed to reduce seven types of w astes in the company’s manufacturing process. Toyota reduced overproduction, inventory, transportation, motion, over processing, defects and waiting times (International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Green Manufacturing & Li 2010, p. 77). Most of these wastes are related to the desire to minimise the environmental impacts of the manufacturing process. For instance, a reduction in the waiting times saved company resources like lighting and air conditioning. Many machines used in the production process consume a lot of energy even when not processing any products. As such the idle time used for allowing the smooth flow of products wastes a lot of energy. The lean manufacturing processes, initiatives, strategies and techniques are advantageous in terms of reducing operational costs and also aim at boosting, restoring and significantly improving organisational competitiveness. Lean manufacturing reduces the manufacturing time by eliminating the wastes in the manufactur ing process. A reduction in manufacturing time leads to a subsequent reduction in operational costs in the form of labour, energy and other utilities. In so doing, it helps organisations in retaining, maintaining and significantly increasing their revenues, widening their margins and generation of savings from lowering costs. Lean manufacturing helps companies in saving space which raises the levels of efficiency and savings. According to Davim (2013, p.64), lean manufacturing has a potential of increasing the productivity of a company by approximately 75% to 125%. This is because the elimination of wastes and any other unnecessary practices at the workplace assists the employees to work without distractions and in so doing maximise output. The elimination and reduction of waste in the production process helps the companies in increasing earnings and profits by reducing wasteful use of resources. In addition to this, the elimination of unnecessary tasks and job positions helps compa nies in reducing labour expenses and in return increase their earnings (Skrabec 2013, p. 33). Despite the aforementioned benefits that come with lean manufacturing, there are various barriers that prevent organisations from fully implementing it in their manufacturing processes. The capital cost requirements of emission control and waste management are extremely high with long payback period (Worrell & Vesilind, 2012, p. 88). This makes it very difficult for most companies as this translates into higher product prices which would drive away potential customers. In other instances the capital input exceeds the direct economic gains thus frustrating the successful implementation of green manufacturing. The other barrier is that the manufacturing industry relies on certain technologies and processes that may cause undesirable effects but cannot be ignored like the volatile organic compound used in automotive manufacturing. Waste management (use of recycling and reuse) Waste management entails reducing the amount of waste that the manufacturing industry disposes on the environment (Ku?hnle 2010, p. 96). In reusing and recycling of waste products, the manufacturing industry reuses old or waste products to produce new products. Waste management reduces environmental pollution, energy usage, air pollution, water pollution and consumption of fresh raw materials by reducing the reliance on conventional waste disposal (Hesselbach & Herrmann 2011, p. 54). The manufacturing firms should therefore aim at reducing waste at each and every phase of the production process. The first step is to identify the areas where waste is high in the manufacturing process and then find out what needs to be recycled using cost benefit analysis. Nikon has successfully managed to do this and is recycling its wastes to produce new products. Recycling of old products is important because it helps in environmental conservation. Reusing of resources relaxes the strain placed on n atural resources which are increasingly getting depleted. The other advantage of recycling old products is that it reduces energy consumption (Shina 2008, p. 65). The manufacturing process uses large amounts of energy in processing the raw materials into finished products. Recycling helps the manufacturing companies in minimising energy consumption which is important for massive production like refining and mining. In addition to this, it also makes the production process effective in terms of cost which raises the margins for the manufacturers (Association for Manufacturing Excellence 2008, p. 162). Although product recycling is very beneficial to the manufacturers, there are some barriers that hamper the successful implementation of recycling old products in the manufacturing process. The first barrier is that the recycling process is not always cost effective because at times companies are forced to open up new factories thus raising their operational costs (Wang et al 2011, p. 2 2). A new factory by itself may even cause more pollution in terms of transportation, cleaning and storage. Other than operational challenges, the other major limitation of recycling is that the recycled products are not always as durable as the original products. Products made from trashed waste are cheap and less durable and may not generate sustainable revenue for organisations like other products. Key lessons learnt and how these can be used to improve the future Both lean manufacturing and waste reuse are important in reducing wastes that emanate from the manufacturing processes. Lean manufacturing should be used in eliminating wastages in the production process in order to ensure that organisations minimise operational costs. However, the findings reveal that both methods should be implemented in the manufacturing process in order to improve the waste management in mechanical engineering. Key conclusions and recommendations Waste management should be included in all the stages of the manufacturing process in order to ensure sustainability in engineering. Owing to the fact that the quality of recycled products is often lower than the other original products, it is recommendable to embrace lean manufacturing in order to ensure that wastages are eliminated in the production process. References Association for Manufacturing Excellence (U.S.) (2008). Green manufacturing: Case studies in lean and sustainability. New York: Productivity Press. Davim, J. P. (2013). Green manufacturing processes and systems. Heidelberg: Springer. Dornfeld, D. (2010). Green Manufacturing: Fundamentals and Applications. Berlin: Springer US. Hesselbach, J., & Herrmann, C. (2011). Glocalized Solutions for Sustainability in Manufacturing: Proceedings of the 18th CIRP International Conference on Life Cycle Engineering, Technische Universita?t Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany, May 2nd – 4th, 2011. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, & Li, S. (2010). Mechanical engineering and green manufacturing: Selected, peer reviewed papers from the International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Green Manufacturing (MEGM) 2010, November 19-22, 2010, in Xiangtan, China. Stafa-Zurich: TTP, Trans Tech Publications. Ku?hnle, H. (2010). Distributed manufacturing: Paradigm, concepts, solutions and examples. London: Springer. Rynn, J. (2010). Manufacturing green prosperity: The power to rebuild the American middle class. Santa Barbara, Calif: Praeger. Shina, S. G. (2008). Green electronics design and manufacturing: Implementing lead-free and RoHS-compliant global products. New York: McGraw-Hill. Skrabec, Q. R. (2013). The green vision of Henry Ford and George Washington Carver: Two collaborators in the cause of clean industry. New York: Productivity Press. Wang, L., & Koh, S. C. L. (2010). Enterprise networks and logistics for agile manufacturing. London: Springer. Wang, L., Ng, A. H. C., Deb, K., & SpringerLink (2011). Multi-objective evolutionary optimisation for product design and manufacturing. London: Springer. Worrell, W. A., & Vesilind, P. A. (2012). Solid waste engineering. Australia: Cengage Learning.

Focus of the Marketing Plan Essay

†¢Construct an overview of internal and external contingencies, describing at least two internal and three external contingencies and how they impact the sports marketing plan. †¢Justify market selection decisions including the psychological and sociological factors as influences. Include targeting and positioning of the product(s). †¢Generate a Sports Marketing Mix for your organization to address the promotion mix of advertising, public relations, sales promotion, and pricing. †¢Create a plan for the marketing process. Within that plan include a control phase and an implementation strategy. Any unique issues should also be addressed in this section, including the impact on facilities and any specific departments or segments of the organization impacted by the plan. Writing the Marketing Plan The Marketing Plan: †¢Must be eight to ten double-spaced pages in length and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the approved APA style guide. †¢Must include a cover page that includes: – Student’s name – Course name and number – Title of paper – Instructor’s name – Date submitted †¢Must include an introductory paragraph with a succinct thesis statement. †¢Must address the topic of the paper with critical thought. †¢Must conclude with a restatement of the thesis and a conclusion paragraph. †¢Must use APA style as outlined in the approved APA style guide to document all sources. †¢Must include, on the final page, a Reference Page that is completed according to APA style as outlined in the approved APA style guide.

Muir and Wordsworth Essay

Thesis Statement, Opening Paragraph, evidence & conclusion REVISED While both poets Muir and Wordsworth wrote about the happy feelings that they have towards nature the beautiful outdoors or what some people may say Mother Nature, some of which the feelings are the same and some that are different as they speak of the different plants. In every walk with Nature one receives far more than he seeks.† – John Muir Nature does not only show the beauty of the Earth, but it shows the beauty within us. So then, is it not easy to say that both of these authors have great beauty within them? After reading both â€Å"Calypso Borealis,† -John Muir and â€Å"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud† -William Wordsworth, I can boldly state that with their loving choice of diction, tone, and use of syntax they clearly show that they truly admire nature and their surroundings. People say â€Å"Nature is the best medicine.† I know exactly what they mean. Sometimes, I’m fe eling down because something didn’t go right, or has popped up in my life. After a enjoying a beautiful morning, outside with the nature I’m back in my right state of mind. If you felt the emotion in this scene, the works of two authors, John Muir and William Wordsworth, would certainly catch your eye. â€Å"Calypso Borealis† by Muir and the poem â€Å"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud† by Wordsworth are two beautiful pieces of literature written very differently, but with key similarities, one of them being nature. The powerful emotions within the unique tone and personalities of the two authors not only expressed their relationships with nature, it allowed the reader to connect with the feelings of the author both visually and mentally. When you first read these two pieces of literature, you’ll find yourself captivated wonderfully in a descriptive world. In â€Å"Calypso Borealis† Muir has a particularly vivid section in which the main character off on an excursion into a swamp surrounding the great lakes. Starting on his journey, Muir is greeted by a diversity of flora. He marvels in the plants and happily soaks up natures treasures. Muir creatively informs the reader just how much the main character truly loves nature. The same marvel and beauty is shared in the poem â€Å"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud.† After a long climb over a high hill he finds his reward a valley shining with a huge field of daffodils. â€Å"Besides the lakes, beneath the trees, fluttering and dancing in  the breeze.† As Wordsworth explains the scene. As each scene pops out of the poem, a new addition to the painting in your mind appears each time. The painting may vary from person to person, but I believe the sam e sense of awe is present with every mind. The portions cited are just the beginning of these two works; enough to splash your mind with colors and emotions, but later parts are what truly makes them worth reading. â€Å"Calypso Borealis† turns from revelation to a desperate situation. Weary and empty, the main character prepares to spend the night in the wet swamp, in a tree nest. Just as the sun was about to set, the future very unpredictable, when â€Å"Everything seemed most dangerous and discouraging†, the story continues, â€Å"I found beautiful Calypso on the mossy bank of stream.† Overwhelmed by the purity and beauty of the Calypso, he collapses by the flower and cries. This rather quick change of pace I what kept me reading, and the fact the Calypso was so beautiful it made the main character break down in tears. Imagine finding the glorious treasure you’ve been seeking the entire time. The change of tone from depressing to overwhelmingly happy is similar to the poem â€Å"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud.† In the last stanza, when Wordsworth is sitting on his couch, lonely and depressed, he remembers the beautiful scene overlooking the field of daffodils and is instantly uplifted with joy. Wordsworth describes it as, â€Å"In vacant or in pensive mood they flash upon that inward eye which is the bliss of solitude.† The marvelous change of tones in these two works makes them a rollercoaster of emotions. If you are very emotional person, these two pieces of literature will certainly touch you. The poem â€Å"Calypso Borealis† by John Muir and the poem â€Å"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud† by William Wordsworth two great works centered on nature that contain vivid imagery and emotional changes of tone the pictures in your mind are the illustrations, your emotions are the story, and nature is the cover. These two works inspired by events in the 19th century are different in many areas, but not the emotional and colorful images they provoke.

The IOM Future of Nursing report related to the nursing workforce Essay

The IOM Future of Nursing report related to the nursing workforce - Essay Example Importance of the IOM â€Å"Future of Nursing† Report Nurses practice in various settings such as schools, retail health clinics, battlefields, public health centers, long-term care facilities, homes, and hospitals. They have differing levels of competencies and education in the entire nursing sector. The committee put into consideration nurses at all levels including their settings, education levels, and roles in an attempt to envision the profession’s future (Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, 2011). The Future of Nursing report is very important since it addresses some of issues facing nurses such as differing education and competency levels. Several barriers obstruct the nurses from responding effectively to the rapidly transforming health settings as well as the evolving health care system. The barriers have to be overcome to make sure that nurses are in a good position to advance health and lead change. Apart from seeking to remove these barriers, the report recommends the improvement of the nursing education system. This is because patients’ needs are becoming more sophisticated and thus, the nurses have to attain requisite competencies in order to deliver care that is of high quality (Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, 2011). ... Some of the main issues raised by the report are that nurses should practice to the greatest extent considering their training and eductaion; and that the education system that is in place to train nurses should be improved so as to encourage higher training and education of nurses for better servieces(Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, 2011). In this respect, the report recommends that varous boards, government bodies, accrediting societies and healthcare organizations should support nurses during their residency once they have successfully completed the prerequisite courses or when they are taking new areas related to clinical pratice. In addition, the report recommends that the proportion of nurses holding a baccalaureate degree should be inreased from 50% to 80% and the number of nurses with a doctorate dregree doubled by 2020 (Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, 2011). In order to achieve this goal, academic nurse leaders should join forces and partner with other organizations to establish a workforce that is responsive to the diverse healthcare needs of the population. Furthermore, the report notes that nurses should participate fully in redisigning the country’s health care. Yet again, the report notes that better information collection and infrustructure is valuable if effective policies have to be made and the workforce properly planned. The Intent of the Future of Nursing: Campaign for Action The Future of Nursing: Campaign for Action represents an exceptional initiative to tackle the elevated demands for care by using all the talents, experience, skills, and knowledge of nurses. The main aim of the Campaign for Action is to manage the implementation of the IOM landmark report recommendations. The campaign

Labor Unions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Labor Unions - Essay Example Moreover there was a special department in the US Department of Labor, which took stock of strikes. Now labor unions comprise only 12 % of Americans, and only 8 % of those 12 % are the employees occupied in private sector. The main reason is a shift, which took place in the relationship between employers and workers. For centuries labor unions struggled for good conditions for employees. In contemporary world employees are in competition with each other in order to get a better job. American corporations long ago realized that it is more efficient to hire purposeful, responsible, and interested in their job people. Accordingly people, who get a job today, automatically receive all those privileges labor unions for had struggled for. Moreover, many corporations give their workers a possibility to become co-owners, offering them an opportunity to get low price stocks of the own enterprises. Thereby membership in labor unions for many Americans became senseless. As a matter of fact labor unions cannot find their place in the new system of labor relationship. In the course of time fundamental economic changes had happened in the country. The traditional heavy industry, a stronghold of labor unions, gradually becomes the thing of the past. According to Turner, 'if unions can not hold their own and adapt to changing circumstances in the core industrial work force, the traditional bastion of labor strength, it is difficult to imagine that national prospects for unions elsewhere can be promising1'. Labor unions also have not been taken in the extremely developing industry of high technologies, and have not been widely accepted in the services sphere. So we can agree with the statement of Robert Baldwin, who claims that one of the factors that contributes to weakling of labor unions is 'unskilled labor-displacing nature of new technology, including outsourcing2'.Notwithstanding it is wrong to say, that labor unions are doomed. One can hardly find an example of a democratic society, which does not have labor unions in its structure. American labor unions now are trying to take their own place in the new national economy. John Sweeney, the President of American Federation of Labor - Congress of Industrial Organizations, claimed that Georges Bush's administration carries out the worst labor unions policy in modern history. He stated that 'in the face of the most anti-worker Administration in decades, America's workers are struggling to get a leg up in this economy - - and many are trying to form unions3' Let us consider the example of Northwest Airlines. In 2005 for the first time almost for a quarter of a century in the main headings in the American press there was a word "strike". The company urged on by the competition with inexpensive young airline companies, wishing to save 176 million dollars, wanted to dismiss a part of the personnel. There have been almost 4,5 thousand workers of Northwest Airlines striking. By the threat of flights cancellation employees have been trying to achieve the fulfillment of the term of the contract by the leadership of the company the work in. However management has fought labor union back. It had prepared the replacement of striking employees in advance and has declared that the company would continue to carry out all the planned flights. The labor union of aircraft mechanics has not made concessions to the company. Negotiations have been

Synthesis of -carbolines as novel CDK4 inhibitors Lab Report

Synthesis of -carbolines as novel CDK4 inhibitors - Lab Report Example Considering the importance of Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), a set of protein kinases, it is essential to explore its mechanism that makes it relevant for the lab process. The kinases aid in regulating the cell cycles, transcription Mrna processing and differentiation of nerve cells. In the function of these kinases, cyclin is crucial considering that it acts as the regulatory protein which binds the CDKs. Consequently, this means that in the absence of cyclin, less kinase activity takes place because of the absence of cyclin-CDK complexes1. CDK4, acting as a member of the cyclin-dependent kinase family, functions as an intrinsic catalyutic protein kinase complex for cell cycle G1 phase progression. D type cyclins and CDK inhibitor are important for the functioning of the kinase since they suppress the action of tumour in causing cell proliferation. The kinase works in phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma gene product thereby helping in preventing the occurring mutation of the genes responsible for the tumuourigenesis of various types of cancer 2. Further, small compouds such as pentacyclic quaternary salt, act as promising factors in the direction for treatment of cancer. The action of the kinase in causing DNA-interchelation can be reduced by ÃŽ ²-carboline which usually acts as a non-planner maintaining the activity of CDK4. Fascaplysin acts as a pentacyclic quaternary salt used as an anti-cancer agent considering its action in suppressing certain leukemia cells in mice. Further, the salt also end up hindering CDK4 leading to arrest of cell cycle in both normal and tumours ncells in the G phase. The hindering process occurs because it binds to theATP pocket of the kinase, resulting to G arrest via a bidentate hydrogen bond donor/acceptor pair. The chain involving phosphorylation of pRb enables the cell to pass through the G1 checkpoint leading to completion of division cycle because of the associated release of E2F proteins.

Ecological crisis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ecological crisis - Research Paper Example countries have on the other hand been transferring multinational companies to these countries because of the availability of cheap labor and resources (Dean 2005). This paper therefore will discuss the environmental crisis of Capital vs. Nature appropriation facing Latin America. This will be important in coming up with the possible solutions to the crisis. The history of environmental crisis facing Latin America dates back to the days that economy of United States became developed. United States enacted different laws that were aimed at guarding its natural resources from exploitation by multinational companies. As a result, multinational companies were forced to look for countries where laws were friendly to their activities. At that time, Latin America was facing political upheavals therefore; the countries had no stable laws. This saw mass investment being taken to these countries (Catro 1997). With economies of countries such as Brazil, Argentina, Mexico and Columbia growing tremendously the previous companies and other mushrooming companies have put a strain on natural resources while at the same time the these countries are in need of capital and labor to sustain the growing population (Roberts 2003) Currently, little has been done to reverse the condition with the impact of degradation of the environment in these countries affecting the whole world. Different summits have been held in these countries with the latest being the UN summit on environmental protection (Rio+20) which was held in Brazil. I believe that the solution to this crisis can be achieved by these countries themselves. These countries need to enforce laws that will force the companies to comply with the set measures aimed at improving the environment. In addition, more campaigns need to be conducted in order to sensitize the general public on the importance of taking the appropriate measures in protecting the environment (Dià ¡z 2005). In addition, this region needs to set up a specific

Work-Based Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Work-Based Assignment - Essay Example I currently hold one title with several different roles; multi-tasking is they tell us a wonderful thing. I am currently learning to be an Environmental Champion and have also recently been delegated Team Focal Point in the absence of my line manager. I am also a specialist in product knowledge, which allows higher personal performance when carrying out my duties. My title at E.On is Consumer Acquisition Advisor. My main duties concerning this title would be: To any customer, I am the last link between their old supplier (Powergen) and their new supplier. If they have any problems or concerns I will be the last person able to discover and understand what these may be - and where applicable, fix them. Every advisor who is winning customers back is vital to Powergen as sometimes mistakes can be made and people can be confirmed as leaving without giving their consent, this could be a case of fraudulent practice or more commonly a mistake between meter supply numbers. Without this last contact between a customer and a Winback advisor, it would be a lengthier and more detrimental process from a customer perspective. Representatives from other companies have misled sometimes customers and it is our job to alert them to this. If a customer still chooses to leave we will not force them to stay, but leave them with a positive final impression of Powergen in the hope they may return in the future. However, in some instances customers will choose t o stay and so it is our job to process this and advise customers on the best possible product whilst offering a top level service to cement a customers belief that Powergen is the supplier for them. The current situation is going into a Winback call blind. By this I mean we do not do a quote before ringing a customer. The other advisors and myself find that having enough knowledge behind the call can help to structure the call completely. For example, we operate on a truth basis so we will not blag a

Globalization and Its Impact on Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Globalization and Its Impact on Business - Essay Example The purpose of the project was meant to inform company B on the need to implement the best practices for communicating in a multicultural environment. The objectives of the project were implemented and this included the best practices and recommendations vital to achieving success in a multicultural environment. The conclusion was also included, which summed up the research report for practices and recommendations vital to achieving success when dealing with diverse cultures. I submit herewith a report on recommendations and the best practices for intercultural communication that Company B will employ. This will help the company to solve communication barriers; thus conducting business effectively in the internal markets. The main purpose of this report is to offer recommendations and best practices that Company B should employ in order to communicate effectively across diverse cultural backgrounds. Therefore, the company should employ effective practices for intercultural communication in China markets. Questions or any further information relating to any recommendation or practices raised in the project should be directed to me. However, questions of administrative nature may be directed to the managerial leaders of the company. The globalization era has altered the way companies carry out business and also communicates across diverse cultures. The Internet and current technology have paved way to new marketplaces, which enables companies to promote their business in the international or new geographic areas and cultures. The world demands marketing experts who are capable of recognizing the rising communication complexities across cultural borders. The intercultural communications are radically becoming significant in the current globalized world. This is especially to companies going global or those companies carrying out international business, as well as, handling customers from diverse cultural backgrounds.

Biology - Down's Syndrome Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Biology - Down's Syndrome - Term Paper Example Despite the alleged incurable nature of Down’s syndrome, it is possible that the fields of pharmacology and medicine have surely come up with ways to alleviate its symptoms as well as to be able to learn further about the disease. In fact, research through the medical and scientific databases on the latest scientific breakthroughs concerning Down’s syndrome resulted in the discovery of five journal articles relating the most recent breakthroughs on the disease. Review of Literature The study of Bradeau et al. conducted in Paris, France in 2011 is entitled â€Å"Specific targeting of the GABA-A receptor ÃŽ ±5 subtype by a selective inverse agonist restores cognitive deficits in Down syndrome mice.† Based on the results of this study, one reason why there is an altered brain function among individuals with Down’s syndrome is that there is a chemical imbalance between inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters. One inhibitory transmitter, GABA or gamma-aminobutyric acid seems to occur in large amounts in the nervous system of Down’s syndrome patients and thus causes a relatively great amount of inhibition of certain cognitive functions among them. The study then utilized GABA-A antagonists in order to treat such chemical imbalance and the result was positive. As a result, the subjects of the experiment, Ts65Dn mice, or mice with Down’s syndrome, demonstrated restored cognitive functions. The specific chemical GABA-A antagonist, which is a ?5-subtype or ?5IA, was used to restore memory and learning functions n rats. The ?5IA subtype of GABA-A antagonist is different from its other subtypes because it is non-convulsant, which means to say that the other subtypes may cause convulsions if tested on humans. Other subtypes also caused certain changes in the tissues of the brain, liver and kidney of the experimental mice, but ?5IA did not. The study of Braudeau et al. was particularly important to the medical community as well as to families of Down’s syndrome patients because this new particular chemical or drug – GABA-A antagonist ?5IA subtype – may actually improve learning and memory problems among patients suffering from Down’s syndrome. Nonetheless, the drug has not yet been tested in humans for fear that although it may not cause convulsions in rats, it may still do so in humans. Moreover, the study was unique in itself because although it has been known that Down’s syndrome pa tients suffer from imbalanced inhibition and excitation at the cellular level, there had been no non-convulsant drug that promised any good cure until now. Another study, the one conducted by Perluigi and Butterfield in Kentucky, USA in 2011 is entitled â€Å"Oxidative Stress and Down Syndrome: A Route toward Alzheimer-Like Dementia.† This study involved the discovery of the physiological causes of the almost natural development of Alzheimer’s Disease among Down’s syndrome patients as early as their middle age. Although there are already genetic physical and mental abnormalities in a newborn child with Down’s syndrome, these pathological problems get worse as the patient gets older and thus may have a great chance of developing into Alzheimer’s Disease later on in life. The study found out that the causes of such development were â€Å"altered free radical metabolism† and â€Å"impaired mitochondrial function† (Perluigi & Butterfield, 2012). These two cellular processes,

Acid Rain Essay Example for Free

Acid Rain Essay Acid Rain is rain, snow or fog that is polluted by acid in the atmosphere and damages the environment. When fossil fuels are burned they release mostly CO2, but they also release two harmful gases, sulphur dioxide and various nitrogen oxides. The sulphur dioxide, SO2, comes from the sulphur impurities in the fossil fuels. However, the nitrogen oxides are created from a reaction between the nitrogen and the oxygen in the air, caused by the heat of the burning. When these gases mix with clouds they form dilute sulphuric acid and dilute nitric acid. This then falls as acid rain. Cars and power stations are the main causes of Acid Rain. Acid Rain has effects on plants, soil and even buildings. The acid reacts with the limestone and then the limestone begins to erode. From previous knowledge, I know that limestone has the chemical formula CaCO3. Limestone, chalk and marble are all calcium carbonate. When an acid reacts with a metal carbonate (such as calcium carbonate) the fizzing shows that a gas is produced. That gas is carbon dioxide, CO2. Adding hydrochloric acid to a rock sample is one of the tests for a carbonate rock, like marble, chalk or limestone. It is also why these rocks are greatly affected by acid rain. The word equation is for this reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid is: Calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid calcium chloride + carbon dioxide + water The chemical formulae for this reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid is: CaCO? + 2HCL CaCL2 + CO2 + H2O The rate of reaction can be calculated by measuring amount of Carbon dioxide gas that is obtained by the syringe. There were various types of apparatus which I included: Goggles Syringe Stop clock Measuring cylinder Spatula Hydrochloric Acid Marble-Powder and Chip Boiling tube Bung Preliminary experiment. Before actually beginning my investigation, I will firstly carry out a preliminary investigation. This will help me to see the improvements that I can make after the experiment. I will be able to see possible downfalls and failures in my method, work out appropriate quantities of chemicals to use and generally improve the quality of the final experiment. Below is the set up apparatus that I will use for the preliminary experiment and the actual experiment: The preliminary experiment is performed so that I can predict the volume of acid, the mass of the chip and powder and the length of time that I will be timing for. 1. Firstly, I set up the apparatus. 2. I will specify a curtain mass of marble using a balance and I will place it into the boiling tube. 3. Then, I will measure a quantity of acid and quickly add it to the boiling tube whilst after quickly placing the bung onto the top of the tube. 4. I will record the amount of CO2 gas which is given off, every curtain amount of time. This will produce a rate of reaction. For many experiments the rate of reaction can be changed by altering curtain variables. For this reaction there is no catalyst, therefore we cannot alter this variable. However there are three main variables that could be changed: Temperature of the acid this would be varied by starting off with the acid at room temperature (around 24i C) and then using acid with temperatures of 30i C, 40i C and 50i C. Concentration of the acid the concentration would be varied three times, using hydrochloric acid with concentrations of 0. 5M, 1M and 2M. Surface area of the calcium carbonate the surface area would be varied by using different sizes of calcium carbonate. I will predict that the 2m acid and the powder will be the fastest reaction as the acid is more compact with acid particles in the same volume of water. This helps more successful collisions take place between the particles. The more collisions there are the increased rate of reaction. I found out that I should use 1 gram of mass for the chip and powder marble and 30cmi of acid. This is because the reaction is not too fast or slow. I can get an acceptable number of results recorded. I will be using three different concentrations of acid, 0. 5m, 1m and 2m. (m=molar) The time I will be using will be starting at when the syringe starts to move up to 180 seconds. I will be keeping the amount of acid the same and the mass of the marble so that I conduct a fair test. The temperature was kept at 24i C-25i C. Results 0. 5m with chip 0. 5m with powder Mass of chip = 1. 0g Mass of powder = 1. 0g Time (s) Volume (cmi ) 10 2 20 4 30 5 40 6 50 7 60 8 70 9 80 16 90 17 100 18 110 20 120 21 130 22 140 24 150 25 160 26 170 27 180 31 Volume of acid = 30cmi Volume of acid = 30cmi Time (s) Volume (cmi ) 10 14 20 17 30 19 40 20 50 22 60 23 70 23 80 25 90 29 100 34 110 35 120 37 130 38 140 38 150 38 160 39 170 40 180 40 1 m with chip 1 m with powder Mass of chip = 1. 0g Mass of powder = 1. 0g Volume of acid = 30cmi Volume of acid = 30cmi Time (s) Volume (cmi ) 10 21 20 30 30 36 40 38 50 39 60 31 70 42 80 43 90 43 10 44 110 44 120 44 130 44 140 44 150 44 160 44 170 44 180 44 Time (s) Volume (cmi ) 10 4 20 5 30 6 40 9 50 12 60 15 70 18 80 21 90 24 10 27 110 31 120 34 130 37 140 40 150 44 160 47 170 50 180 52. 2 m with chip 2 m with powder Mass of chip = 1. 0g Mass of powder = 1. 0g Volume of acid = 30cmi Volume of acid = 30cmi Time (s) Volume (cmi ) 10 5 20 9 30 13 40 16 50 22 60 26 70 33 80 36 90 46 10 46 110 46 120 51 130 54 140 57 150 57 160 57 170 57 180 57 Time (s) Volume (cmi ) 10 0-60 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 Conclusion. After completing my experiment my results show me that as the concentration of the acid is increased, the reaction takes place faster and more gas is produced in a shorter space of time. Due to this I found that the 2M hydrochloric acid (the strongest concentration of acid I used) produced the most gas in the shortest time. The 0. 5M hydrochloric acid (the weakest concentration of acid I used) produced the least amount of gas in the longest time period. I can clearly see from the graph that the 2M hydrochloric acid gave the fastest reaction and produced the most gas in the shortest space of time, because the gradient of the curve is the steepest and goes far higher than the other curves showing that a larger amount of gas was produced because the gas produced axis is the y axis. The fact that the 2M acid had the steepest curve shows that the reaction was fastest because a large amount of gas was produced (high on the y axis) and in a short space of time (short on the x axis). This will give a steep gradient on the graph. The 0. 5M hydrochloric acid gave almost the opposite curve when the results were placed on a graph. Not much gas was produced in a long space of time and so the slope was very gentle and low on the graph. The 2M hydrochloric acid produced the most gas in the shortest amount of time and was generally a quicker reaction due to its significant difference in particle arrangement compared to the 0.5M and 1M hydrochloric acid. The more concentrated 2M hydrochloric acid has more acid particles in the same volume compared to the 1M and 0. 5M acid. This means there are more available acid particles to react with the calcium carbonate. The reaction will be quicker when using the 2M acid because there are more particles available to react with. The calcium carbonate particles can react with more acid particles quickly as they are easily accessible, whereas in the 0. 5M acid, there are few acid particles in a volume and so some calcium carbonate particles will have no acid particles to react with, causing the reaction to be slow and uneventful. All reactions will only occur if there is enough energy to make it happen. This minimum energy is known as activation energy. Activation energy is the minimum energy for which two reacting particles must collide for a reaction to take place. When particles collide they slow down, stop, and then fly apart again. This will occur regardless of whether they have enough energy to react. In an unsuccessful collision the particles separate unchanged, but in an effective collision the activation energy barrier is crossed and the particles that separate are chemically different from those that came together. I think my results are definitely sufficient to support my prediction. They equal everything I predicted and I am very pleased at how well they turned out. Evaluation I think that the experiment went very well. All my results matched my prediction and everything went according to plan. The gas produced by each acid had a steady increase however; there were a few rogue points. Overall I achieved what I set out to do. I would have liked more time on the experiment to make sure everything was perfect, though. Due to the short time limit we were quite rushed in completing the experiment. There were a few aspects of the experiment that could have been improved to make the experiment even more accurate. For a start the experiment was undertaken over a few days. Each day had a different temperature and so this would have affected the results. If one day had been hotter than the others the heat would have influenced one reaction to take place faster. Also due to the fact that the experiment lasted a few days, different equipment was being used each day. Some gas syringes were slightly stiffer than others and so wouldnt move out as fast. If on one day you had a very stiff gas syringe that wouldnt move very easily and on another day you had a very loose gas syringe, then the results would be very different as the loose gas syringe would give results that say that the reaction happened very fast and the stiff gas syringe would give results that say the reaction was slow. To prevent this from happening the experiment should have been undertaken and finished on the same day, using exactly the same equipment as you started with for each acid. The initial part of the reaction when the acid first reacts with the calcium carbonate is very fast. A lot of gas is produced at the beginning of the reaction. However the way the apparatus are set up means that when you pour the acid onto the calcium carbonate, there are a few seconds when the gas is able to escape before the gas syringe is connected to the test tube. To avoid this from happening a test tube containing the calcium carbonate should be placed inside a beaker containing the hydrochloric acid. They must not be touching, as the reaction would then start. Then the gas syringe will be connected to the beaker. When the reaction is ready to start, the beaker is knocked so that the test tube falls over, consequently causing the reaction to take place as the acid and carbonate would mix. Then when the initial gas is produced it will all be caught as the gas syringe is already in place. The surface area of the calcium carbonate should also have been kept equal. The same number of equally weighted chips should have been used. E. g. all 1g chips. This way the reaction is fair and accurate, as a large surface area will cause the reaction to take place faster. Keeping all the surface areas the same would have kept the experiment fair. However to do this would have taken a long time and we only had a limited amount of time. Another way of keeping the temperature the same would have been to do the experiment in a water bath. This would have allowed us to do the experiment over a few days as well.